Framing
Big X
- Label each X with the Y it is part of, and the position it occupies in that Y
- Fragmentation/re-assembly
Small X (byte or bit or “less”)
- Define 'sync' pattern for receiver to recognize the start of a Y
- Reserve certain values of X to mark the beginning or the end of a Y (e.g., FDDI)
- Reserve certain sequences of X to mark the beginning of a Y -- if these sequences occur in the data, they are 'escaped' or specially coded
- C's literal strings using '\' as an escape
- HDLC 'bit-stuffing’
- RS-232 'start bit’/'stop bit'