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### Minimum Cut

deterministic algorithms

• Max-flow
• Gabow

### Recursive Contraction Algorithm

Recall contraction algorithm

• success probability $1/n^2$
• why?
• high failure probability when graph is small
• how fix? repetition
• how do better? repeat only on small problems!
\begin{align*} T(n) &=2T(n/\sqrt{2})+O(n^2) = O(n^2\log n)\\ P(n) &=1-(1-\frac12P(n/\sqrt{2}))^2\\ p_k &=1-(1-\frac12p_{k-1})^2\\ &=p_{k-1}-\frac14p_{k-1}^2 \end{align*} Back-envelope:
• subtracting $p_{k-1}/4$ fraction of $p_{k-1}$ each time
• so requires about $4/p_{k-1}$ levels to cut $p_{k-1}$ in half.
• if $q_k=1/p_k$, requires about $q_k$ steps to double $q_k$
• i.e. $q_{2k}=2q_k$
• so $q_k=k$
• and $p_k=1/k$
Formalize: \begin{align*} z_k&=4/p_k-1\\ p_k&=4/(z_k+1)\\ z_{k+1}&=z_k+1+1/z_k\\ k < z_k &< k+H_{k-1}+3 \end{align*}

### Sampling

Min-cut

• saw RCA, $\Olog(n^2)$ time
• Another candidate: Gabow's algorithm: $\Olog(mc)$ time on $m$-edge graph with min-cut $c$
• nice algorithm, if $m$ and $c$ small. But how could we make that happen?
• Similarly, for those who know about it, augmenting paths gives $O(mv)$ for max flow. Good if $m$, $v$ small. How make happen?
• Sampling! What's a good sample? (take suggestions, think about them.
• Define $G(p)$---pick each edge with probability $p$

Intuition:

• $G$ has $m$ edges, min-cut $c$
• $G(p)$ has $pm$ edges, min-cut $pc$
• So improve Gabow runtime by $p^2$ factor!

What goes wrong? (pause for discussion)

• expectation isn't enough
• so what, use chernoff?
• min-cut has $c$ edges
• expect to sample $\mu=pc$ of them
• chernoff says prob. off by $\epsilon$ is at most $2e^{-\epsilon^2 \mu/4}$
• so set $pc=8\log n$ or so, deduce with high probability, no min-cut deviates.
• (pause for objections)
• yes, a problem: exponentially many cuts.
• so even though Chernoff gives “exponentially small” bound, accumulation of union bound means can't bound probability of small deviation over all cuts.

Surprise! It works anyway.

• Theorem: if min cut $c$ and build $G(p)$, then “min expected cut” is $\mu=pc$. Probability any cut deviates by more than $\epsilon$ is $O(n^2 e^{-\epsilon^2 \mu/3})$.
• So, if get $\mu$ around $12(\log n)/\epsilon^2$, all cuts within $\epsilon$ of expectation with high probability.
• Do so by setting $p=12(\log n)/c$
• Application: min-cut approximation.
• Theorem says a min-cut will get value at most $(1+\epsilon)\mu$ whp
• Also says that any cut of original value $(1+\epsilon)c/(1-\epsilon)$ will get value at most $(1+\epsilon)\mu$
• So, sampled graph has min-cut at most $(1+\epsilon)\mu$, and whatever cut is minimum has value at most $(1+\epsilon)c/(1-\epsilon) \approx (1+2\epsilon)c$ in original graph.
• How find min-cut in sample? Gabow's algorithm
• in sample, min-cut $O((\log n)/\epsilon^2)$ whp, while number of edges is $O(m(\log n)/\epsilon^2 c)$
• So, Gabow runtime $\Olog(m/\epsilon^2 c)$
• constant factor approx in near linear time.

Proof of Theorem

• Suppose min-cut $c$ and build $G(p)$
• Lemma: bound on number of $\alpha$-minimum cuts is $n^{2\alpha}$.
• Base on contraction algorithm
• So we take as given: number of cuts of value less than $\alpha c$ is at most $n^{2\alpha}$ (this is true, though probably slightly stronger than what you proved. If use $O(n^{2\alpha})$, get same result but messier.
• First consider $n^2$ smallest cuts. All have expectation at least $\mu$, so prob any deviates is $e^{-\epsilon^2 \mu/4} = 1/n^2$ by choice of $\mu$
• Write larger cut values in increasing order $c_1,\ldots$
• Then $c_{n^{2\alpha}} > \alpha c$
• write $k=n^{2\alpha}$, means $\alpha_k = \log k/\log n^2$
• What prob $c_k$ deviates? $e^{-\epsilon^2 pc_k/4} = e^{-\epsilon^2 \alpha_k \mu/4}$
• By choice of $\mu$, this is $k^{-2}$
• sum over $k>n^2$, get $O(1/n)$

Issue: need to estimate $c$.

Las Vegas:

• Tree pack sample? Note good enough: too few trees
• Partition into pieces, pack each one
• get $(1-\epsilon)\mu$ trees in each piece, so $(1-\epsilon)c$ total.
• So, run sampling alg till cut found and trees packed are within $\epsilon$.
• happens whp first time, repeat if not. Expected number of iterations less that 2, so poly expected time.

Idea for exact:

• Las vegas algorithm gave approximately maximum packing
• how turn maximum? Gabow augmentations.
• Idea: run approx alg for some $\epsilon$, then augment to optimum
• Gives faster algorithm.
• wait, faster algorithm could be used instead of Gabow's in approximation algorithm to get faster approximation algorithm
• then could use faster approx alg (followed by augmentations) to get faster exact algorithm
• each algorithms seems to imply a faster one
• What is limit? Recursive algorithm

DAUG:

• describe alg
• give recurrence: $T(m,c) = 2T(m/2,c/2)+\Olog(m\sqrt{c}) = \Olog(m\sqrt{c})$
• Are we done? (wait for comment)
• No! Subproblem sizes are random variables
• Wait, have used this trick in recurrences before
• But that was because recurrences were linear, could use linearity of expectation

Recursion Tree:

• expand all nodes
• depth of tree $O(\log m)$ since unlikely to get 2 edges at same leaf
• wlog keep $n \le m$ by discarding isolated vertices
• successfull and unsuccessful augmentations
• telescoping of successful augmentations
• analyze “high nodes” where cut value near expectation
• analyze “low nodes” where cut values small (a fortiori) but rely mainly on having few edges.

Later work. Just talk about where this went.

• Linear time cut by tree packing
• applications to max-flow
• current state of affairs, open problems.

## Reliability

Idea

• only small cuts matter
• enumerate them
• DNF count

Monte Carlo

• suppose $u_G(p)$ large
• Monte Carlo can estimate
• so assume $u_G(p)$ small

Small cuts

• $u_G(p) \ge p^c$
• so assume $p^c \le n^{-3}$
• show large cuts contribute much less
• before, we bounded $\alpha$-mincuts by $2\alpha$
• so in particulat, $n^{2\alpha+2}$ cuts between $\alpha c$ and $(\alpha+1)c$
• contribution to $u_G(p)$ is at most \begin{align*} n^{2\alpha+2}p^{\alpha c} &=n^{2\alpha+2}p^{3(\alpha-1)c}p^c\\ &=n^{2\alpha+2}n^{-3(\alpha-1)}p^c\\ &=n^{5-\alpha}p^c \end{align*}
• geometric sum over $\alpha$
• so dominated by first term
• if $\alpha > 6$, this is negligible.

Application

• enumerate small cuts using CA
• their failure probability is near $u_G(p)$
• pass to DNF counting algorithm
• get approximation to that

Alternative: coupling.

• which graph is least reliable, most likely to fail given $n$?
• cycle
• coupling argument